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WFS

Wolfram Syndrome

Overview

Wolfram syndrome (DIDMOAD) is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in WFS1 or CISD2, characterized by diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness. Optic atrophy typically presents in the first decade after diabetes mellitus onset, causing progressive bilateral central vision loss. Additional features include urinary tract abnormalities, psychiatric illness, and brainstem neurodegeneration. Life expectancy is reduced, with neurological complications causing death in the 3rd–4th decade.

Genetics

WFS1 mutations account for ~90% of cases. CISD2 mutations cause Wolfram syndrome type 2. Both genes affect ER stress and mitochondrial function. Autosomal recessive.

GeneLocusInheritanceNotes
WFS14p16.1ARWolframin; ER transmembrane protein; ~90% of cases
CISD24q24ARCDGSH iron-sulfur domain protein 2; Wolfram syndrome type 2

Clinical Presentation

1st decade

  • Diabetes mellitus (mean age 6 years)
  • Optic atrophy with vision loss
  • Diabetes insipidus

2nd–3rd decade

  • Sensorineural hearing loss
  • Urinary tract abnormalities
  • Psychiatric illness (depression, psychosis)

Advanced

  • Brainstem neurodegeneration
  • Ataxia, dysphagia
  • Premature death (mean ~35 years)

Diagnosis

  • Clinical: Diabetes mellitus + optic atrophy in a child
  • OCT: RNFL thinning
  • MRI brain: Brainstem and cerebellar atrophy in advanced disease
  • Genetic testing: WFS1 and CISD2 sequencing
  • Endocrine evaluation: Glucose, ADH, renal function

Current Research & Treatment

No disease-modifying treatments approved. Clinical trials are investigating sodium valproate (neuroprotection), GLP-1 receptor agonists, and dantrolene (ER stress reduction). The Wolfram Syndrome International Registry coordinates global research efforts.

Active Clinical Trials

The following active clinical trials are investigating treatments for Wolfram Syndrome. Trial status and enrollment may change; always verify directly on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Disclaimer: ClearSight is not affiliated with any clinical trial sponsor or organization. Trial information is sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov and public press releases for educational purposes only. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before considering trial participation.
Medical Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Genetic testing and clinical management should be performed by qualified healthcare professionals, including ophthalmologists and genetic counselors.